Is a global science curriculum or syllabus possible?
Conservation of energy? First Law of Thermodynamics
No.
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Most countries want to praise their own countrymen.
In France the Conservation of Energy is extremely important and many scientists have worked on it.
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la célèbre phrase de Lavoisier :
« Rien ne se perd, rien ne se crée, tout se transforme! »
After which the French chopped his head off ( for his work as a tax collector, not as a chemist)
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In fact, today we write it a little less punchily, but a lot more accurately:
“For a closed system, in any arbitrary process of interest that takes it from an initial to a final state of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, the change of internal energy is the same as that for a reference adiabatic work process that links those two states. This is so regardless of the path of the process of interest, and regardless of whether it is an adiabatic or a non-adiabatic process. The reference adiabatic work process may be chosen arbitrarily from amongst the class of all such processes.”
Clears throat several times, er, “for a closed system”….
I’ve always thought there was somehing a bit fishy about this law.
This video explains the problem.
So energy is conserved IN A COMPLETELY EMPTY UNIVERSE (can you see the problem here?)
David Hilbert hotel paradox)
17.05 to 1800 a photon loses 99.99% of its mass- where does it go? It disappears!
This doesn’t violate our rules of physics BECAUSE the universe is not symmetrical, it is expanding and increasing its acceleration (no, we don’t know why!!)
and this woman, EMMY NOETHER, who worked out the problem of Einstein’s “gravitational constant”, according to some sources, the biggest regret of his life.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmy_Noether
What is “heat”?
"heat is the exchange of thermal energy between a system and its surroundings caused by a temperature difference."
Ainsi, selon cette loi, les transferts et les transformations d'énergie se déroulent sans perte d'énergie.
Pour que cette loi soit respectée, il est toutefois important d'être en présence d'un système isolé.
Un système isolé est un système qui n'effectue aucun échange de matière ni d'énergie avec son environnement.
from https://www.alloprof.qc.ca/fr/eleves/bv/sciences/la-conservation-de-l-energie-s1090
Is a freezer an isolated system? Does coffee in a thermos stay hot for 24 hours? Where does the heat go?
(If we make hot coffee with solar power, can the loss of heat cool the universe? (probably not)
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and a Greek! Empedocles (490–430 BCE) wrote that in his universal system, composed of four roots (earth, air, water, fire), "nothing comes to be or perishes";[5] instead, these elements suffer continual rearrangement.
Jean le Rond d'Alembert, and Italian-French mathematician Joseph Louis Lagrange. Émilie du Châtelet, Gustave-Adolphe Hirn, Marc Seguin, Antoine Lavoisier Pierre-Simon Laplace, Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis Jean-Victor Poncelet
Sadi Carnot, and Émile Clapeyron,Henri Poincaré
The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time.[1] In the case of a closed system, the principle says that the total amount of energy within the system can only be changed through energy entering or leaving the system. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another.
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Interesting bit here
The mechanical equivalence principle was first stated in its modern form by the German surgeon Julius Robert von Mayer in 1842.[14] Mayer reached his conclusion on a voyage to the Dutch East Indies, where he found that his patients' blood was a deeper red because they were consuming less oxygen, and therefore less energy, to maintain their body temperature in the hotter climate. He discovered that heat and mechanical work were both forms of energy, and in 1845, after improving his knowledge of physics, he published a monograph that stated a quantitative relationship between them.[15]
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entropy atmosphere
Entropy is a function of the state of a system which tells of limitations of the possibility of conversion of heat into work.
video here
In practice, some metrics, notably the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric that appears to govern the universe, do not satisfy these constraints and energy conservation is not well defined.[28]
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Matter is composed of atoms and what makes up atoms. Matter has intrinsic or rest mass. In the limited range of recognized experience of the nineteenth century, it was found that such rest mass is conserved. Einstein's 1905 theory of special relativity showed that rest mass corresponds to an equivalent amount of rest energy. This means that rest mass can be converted to or from equivalent amounts of (non-material) forms of energy, for example, kinetic energy, potential energy, and electromagnetic radiant energy. When this happens, as recognized in twentieth-century experience, rest mass is not conserved, unlike the total mass or total energy. All forms of energy contribute to the total mass and total energy.
For example, an electron and a positron each have rest mass. They can perish together, converting their combined rest energy into photons which have electromagnetic radiant energy but no rest mass. If this occurs within an isolated system that does not release the photons or their energy into the external surroundings, then neither the total mass nor the total energy of the system will change. The produced electromagnetic radiant energy contributes just as much to the inertia (and to any weight) of the system as did the rest mass of the electron and positron before their demise.
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For asymptotically flat universes, Einstein and others salvage conservation of energy by introducing a specific global gravitational potential energy that cancels out mass-energy changes triggered by spacetime expansion or contraction. This global energy has no well-defined density and cannot technically be applied to a non-asymptotically flat universe; however, for practical purposes this can be finessed, and so by this view, energy is conserved in our universe.[30][3] Alan Guth stated that the universe might be "the ultimate free lunch", and theorized that, when accounting for gravitational potential energy, the net energy of the Universe is zero.[31]
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In quantum mechanics, the energy of a quantum system is described by a self-adjoint (or Hermitian) operator called the Hamiltonian, which acts on the Hilbert space (or a space of wave functions) of the system
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From the point of view of modern general relativity, the lab environment can be well approximated by Minkowski spacetime, where energy is exactly conserved. The entire Earth can be well approximated by the Schwarzschild metric, where again energy is exactly conserved. Given all the experimental evidence, any new theory (such as quantum gravity), in order to be successful, will have to explain why energy has appeared to always be exactly conserved in terrestrial experiments.[36]
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Next, vaccinations- who should get the most prominence- the French Louis Pasteur or the English Edward Jenner?
More on mind body dualism from Descartes
One offshoot of the laws is that perpetual energy is impossible:
“A perpetual motion machine is a hypothetical machine that can do work indefinitely without an external energy source. This kind of machine is impossible, since its existence would violate the first and/or second laws of thermodynamics.[2][3][4][5] These laws of thermodynamics apply regardless of the size of the system. Thus, machines that extract energy from finite sources cannot operate indefinitely because they are driven by the energy stored in the source, which will eventually be exhausted. A common example is devices powered by ocean currents, whose energy is ultimately derived from the Sun, which itself will eventually burn out.
In 2016,[6] new states of matter, time crystals, were discovered in which, on a microscopic scale, the component atoms are in continual repetitive motion, thus satisfying the literal definition of "perpetual motion".[7][8][9][10] However, these do not constitute perpetual motion machines in the traditional sense, or violate thermodynamic laws, because they are in their quantum ground state, so no energy can be extracted from them; they exhibit motion without energy.”
So, what is an open system and a closed system. Here we’re rejecting anything which uses, directly or indirectly, solar power because it will only last 14 billion years but we ignore the loss of hydrogen and helium through the atmosphere and insist this is a closed system of the Earth and the Sun.